The latter is reflected by epigenetic changes and durable transmissibility of the trained phenotype to healthy non-dystrophic mice by bone marrow transplantation. Recent work in an animal model of DMD (mdx mice) has shown that macrophages exhibit cardinal features of trained immunity, including the presence of innate immune system “memory”. Trained immunity is an evolutionarily ancient protective mechanism against infection, in which epigenetic and metabolic alterations confer non-specific hyperresponsiveness of innate immune cells to various stimuli. 3Department of Biostatistics and Systems Biology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Chinaĭysregulated inflammation involving innate immune cells, particularly of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).2Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.1Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.Petrof 1,2* Tom Podolsky 1,2 Salyan Bhattarai 1,2 Jiahui Tan 3 Jun Ding 1,2
